The book "History of the Development of China's Electrical Machinery Industry - A Hundred Years Review and Prospect" is about to meet readers. I believe that this book will be helpful for readers to understand the development and prosperity of my country's electrical machinery industry through hardships and twists and turns and its successful experience.

The writing group hopes that I will write a preface for this book. I would like to talk about my indissoluble bond with the electrical machinery industry since my youth, and talk about my understanding and feelings about the development process of China's electrical machinery industry.

I graduated from the Electrical Engineering Department of Shanghai Jiaotong University in 1947. I studied electrical engineering, mainly affected by two factors. First of all, it was influenced by my father. My father worked for many years as an electrical engineer in Nantong Tongming Electrical Engineering Company founded by Zhang Jian. Zhang Jian was a famous industrialist in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. In the semi-colonial and semi-feudal old China, he made great efforts to develop the national industry, and his patriotism and professionalism were praised. When I was young, the electrical appliances in my house broke down. From the light switch to the electric fan, my father repaired it by himself, and he often cured the disease with his own hands. Secondly, it is the influence of my father's old friend Bi Weidong on me. He graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States. When he returned to China for vacation, he often stayed at my house and brought back some books on electrical engineering. I was young at that time, and I couldn't understand those books, but after Mr. Bi Weidong's explanation, I also understood a little superficial. Influenced by these, I aspired to go to university to study electrical engineering.

I went to middle school in Yangzhou. I studied civil engineering in high school, and I started to study calculus in my second year of high school. The one who taught our calculus course was Mr. Yang Deyu, who taught at Xi'an Jiaotong University after the founding of New China. In his first class, he told a passage from Zhuangzi: "If you take a stick of one foot, take half of it every day, and it will last forever." The concept of limit was established in my mind, and I still don't forget it. Mr. Yang Deyu's lectures laid a good mathematical foundation for me to study electrical engineering later. When I went to Nanjing to go to university, Nanjing was under the rule of the Japanese invaders and Wang Jingwei. China is suffering from internal and external troubles. At that time, I had already been influenced by the revolution and understood some revolutionary principles. I always wanted to learn more about science and technology, especially engineering technology, so as to increase my ability to serve the motherland in the future. Therefore, I chose to study electrical engineering when I went to university in Nanjing and later in Shanghai.

Not long after I graduated from Shanghai Jiaotong University, New China was established. In retrospect, most of the positions I worked from south to north were inseparable from the word "electricity". From the use of electricity in food companies to the design of motor factories, from the power plant of the First Automobile Works to the Shanghai Electric Appliance Science Research Institute, from atomic power generation to the electromechanical industry, they basically work in this line. Later, although I held various leadership positions, I have been paying attention to the development of my country's motor industry. Here, I would like to briefly review the development of my country's motor industry since modern times by combining what I know and what I have personally experienced.

The budding of China's electrical machinery industry was seventy or eighty years later than that of the West. In 1879, a foreign businessman in Shanghai built a generator, which was said to only light up for two nights on the Bund. In 1882, several British businessmen spent 50,000 taels of silver to install a generator in Shanghai, which illuminated the Bund. The Chinese generate electricity by themselves, starting with a 20-horsepower generator installed by the Empress Dowager Cixi in Zhongnanhai, and this generator was bought from a foreign country. It was not until 1905 that the first experimental motor manufactured by ourselves began, and my country's motor industry began to start. After the Revolution of 1911, warlords fought in chaos for years, the country had no peace, the people were in dire straits, and economic development was struggling. Nevertheless, some national industries emerged at that time. From the perspective of the electrical machinery industry, there are electrical factories such as Qian Yung Kee, Watson, and Huacheng in Shanghai. When I was studying, Professor Zhong Zhaolin, director of the Electrical Engineering Department of Shanghai Jiaotong University, was a consultant engineer of Watson Electric Factory. The motors produced at that time had a maximum power of only 200 to 300 kilowatts. From 1946 to 1947, the Kuomintang government sent 96 technicians to the Westinghouse Company in the United States for internships. After the internships, they returned to China but were useless. After the founding of New China, these people became the technical backbone of the national motor industry front, and most of them became technical leaders or chief engineers, such as Yun Zhen, Chu Yinghuang, Ding Shunian, Meng Qingyuan, Zhang Daqi, Yao Songyao, Shen Conglong, Sun Ruiheng, Lan Yuzhong , Feng Qinwei, Tang Mingqi, Liu Longshi, etc. I have contacts with them all, and some have worked together. Their work performance and their voices and smiles are still vivid in my mind.

After I joined the revolution, I was very concerned about the history and future of the Soviet Union, the first socialist country. Lenin's famous saying "Communism is Soviet power plus national electrification" comes to mind from time to time. However, the understanding of the meaning of this sentence gradually deepened after the founding of New China and participated in the national construction work, especially when he went to the Stalin Automobile Factory in the Soviet Union for an internship from 1955 to 1956. I saw with my own eyes the Moscow underground railway, electric trains, and automobile factories with an annual output of hundreds of thousands of vehicles. I deeply felt that my country's industrial level was far behind that of the Soviet Union.

At the beginning of the founding of New China, after the wounds of the war were healed and the national economy was initially restored, Comrade Mao Zedong and the Party Central Committee timely put forward the general line for the transition period, carrying out socialist transformation while starting large-scale industrial construction, and implementing priority The policy of developing heavy industry. The "156 projects" carried out during the first five-year plan were all to lay the foundation for the realization of the country's industrialization. Among them were a number of electric motor industry projects. Historical facts show that these policies and deployments are correct. A country, especially a large country with a large population and vast land like ours, cannot establish an independent and complete national economic system without a strong industrial system with heavy industry as the backbone and coordinated with light industry, and it is impossible to use advanced industrial technology and equipment Armed agriculture, service industry, and national defense, it is impossible to talk about the true independence, security, and prosperity of the country. After the Party Central Committee established the grand goal of realizing the country's industrialization, the vast number of workers, intellectuals and leading cadres on the industrial front showed unprecedented work enthusiasm and creative power. Those of us who lived through that scene will never forget it. The modern motor industry of New China started from then on.

In 1956, the first steam turbine generator made in New China was put into operation. Although it was only 6,000 kilowatts, it was already a giant compared to the past. Experts from Czechoslovakia Kodak came to Shanghai to help build this generator. The Chinese name of the Czech expert is Xu Jiade. He has a solid foundation in technical theory and rich practical experience. I remember that an overspeed test was required to reach 120% of the rated speed, that is, 3600 revolutions per minute. Everyone was very worried about what to do if the rotor flew off. Later, an overspeed test room was built in Minhang Shanghai Electric Machinery Factory. We all went the day of the trial and it worked out great. At that time, I served as the chief of the electrical department in the Shanghai No. 2 Design Branch of the Ministry of First Machinery, and assisted Meng Qingyuan, the deputy director of the Shanghai Electric Machinery Factory, to complete this task. Academician Wang Geng is still alive today who participated in this work. The power of 6000 kilowatts is not large, but after all, it is the first turbogenerator built in New China. Everything is difficult at the beginning! Later, with the help of Soviet experts, we successively developed steam turbine generator sets ranging from 25,000 kilowatts to 100,000 kilowatts, and the power continued to increase. During the "Great Leap Forward" period, Meng Qingyuan and others developed a 12,000-kilowatt double-water internal cooling generator with a new cooling method. "Left" error interference and influence, my country's electrical machinery industry generally speaking progress is not fast. After years of improvement, the technology has gradually matured, and 125,000-kilowatt and 300,000-kilowatt dual-water internally cooled turbogenerators have been developed successively. Under the very difficult conditions at that time, my country's motor manufacturing industry has reached a big level, which is inseparable from a group of outstanding leaders such as Zhou Jiannan and Cao Weilian in the motor industry. After the reform and opening up, the motor industry ushered in a spring of rapid development. In the 1980s, we introduced Westinghouse technology and produced 300,000-kilowatt and 600,000-kilowatt turbogenerator sets. By the beginning of this century, my country's three major power companies have been able to produce million-kilowatt ultra-supercritical turbogenerator sets.

Small and medium-sized electric motors are important equipment to provide power for various mechanical equipment, and are widely used in a large number of applications. In the early days of the founding of New China, my country's small and medium-sized motor products were mainly imitated from foreign countries. I remember that there were many manufacturers imitating electric motors at that time, the varieties were messy, and the specifications were not uniform. During the "Great Leap Forward" period, a unified design was carried out, but due to the lack of scientific and rigorous attitude, the performance indicators did not meet the requirements. In 1962, I was just transferred to the Shanghai Electric Appliance Research Institute as the deputy director in charge of technology, and was responsible for leading this work. At that time, I was busy in various motor factories in China. It took me 3 years to organize and tackle key problems, and successfully completed the unified design of J2 and JO2 series motors and passed the national appraisal. This is the first motor series designed and developed by our country. Compared with the original imitation foreign products, various performance indicators have been greatly improved, which has played an important role in promoting the development of the motor industry. Now, my country's small and medium-sized electric motors have reached 1.6 billion kilowatts, making it the world's largest producer, user and exporter of small and medium-sized electric motors.

Since the 1960s, my country has started to study the peaceful use of nuclear energy. At that time, Western countries imposed a nuclear embargo on my country. In 1966, the First Ministry of Machinery transferred me to the newly established Wuhan Thermal Machinery Research Institute as the director. The Institute is responsible for the design and research tasks of nuclear engineering equipment. In order to get familiar with the business as soon as possible, I worked during the day and studied at night, and finished reading the book "Nuclear Reactor Engineering" in a short period of time. I benefited a lot and deepened my understanding of nuclear power, a strategic industry. At that time, the book only had the original English version, which added some difficulties to me. This book was not translated into Chinese until 1986. After 19 years, when I returned to work in Shanghai in 1985, Shanghai was preparing to undertake the design and manufacture of 300,000-kilowatt nuclear power equipment for the first phase of my country's first nuclear power plant, Qinshan. I made it clear at a meeting in the city that the localization of nuclear power is a major event in the development of emerging energy, and Shanghai must do it and make more contributions to the country. Later, Shanghai undertook the design and manufacture of Qinshan Phase II 600,000-kilowatt nuclear power equipment. The first and second phases of Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant are pressurized water reactor nuclear power plants designed, built and managed by my country, and they are still in safe operation. Afterwards, my country introduced second-generation and third-generation nuclear power technologies from abroad. Through digestion, absorption, and re-innovation, China has now mastered the design, manufacturing, operation, and management technologies of mega-kilowatt nuclear power equipment, and has become a major country in the peaceful use of nuclear energy. In my opinion, no matter what kind of nuclear power plant is built, we must attach great importance to safety issues, ensure that nothing goes wrong, and always put safety and security first.

Over the past 60 years since the founding of New China, my country's motor industry has grown from small to large, from weak to strong, from backward to advanced, and many products have entered the "million level", which is a huge progress. For quite a period of time, the million-kilowatt ultra-supercritical thermal power unit, the million-kilowatt hydroelectric generator set, the million-volt UHV power transmission and transformation equipment, and the million-kilowatt nuclear power equipment will be at the world's advanced level. It can be said that since the founding of New China, the achievements of my country's motor industry have attracted worldwide attention, and it has entered the world's advanced ranks. The development speed is also the fastest in the history of the world's motor industry. Many people who went to Westinghouse as an intern back then never thought that China's electrical machinery industry could reach the level it is today, and some electrical machinery industry giants in western developed countries also looked at us with admiration.

Looking back and summarizing history is to better build the present and open up the future. The most important reason why China's electrical machinery industry struggled in the old China and flourished in the new China is that we have the leadership of the party and have found a road of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Our party led the people of all nationalities in the country to carry out revolution and socialist construction, created a new situation in reform and opening up, and fundamentally changed the fate and appearance of China, the Chinese people, and the Chinese nation. China has not only developed, but is also speeding up towards modernization; the Chinese people have not only been liberated, but are also achieving common prosperity; the Chinese nation has not only achieved national independence, but is also realizing a great national rejuvenation. Since modern times, the ideals of saving, rejuvenating and strengthening the country pursued by all people with lofty ideals and people of all ethnic groups in the country have become or are becoming a reality. This fully demonstrates that our party and people are a great party and people full of wisdom and creativity, and that our socialist system is a system with great advantages and strong vitality. With such a party, people, and system, all difficulties and obstacles can be overcome, and all miracles can be created. We should go to the future with confidence.

Practice has fully proved that if we want to develop and possess new technologies and equipment in the electrical machinery industry and various other industries, and catch up with and surpass the international advanced level, we must unswervingly expand opening up to the outside world, strive for all possible international technical cooperation, introduce, digest , Absorb foreign advanced technology and beneficial management experience, and continuously enhance our independent innovation capabilities. There is no doubt that while actively introducing foreign advanced technology, we must adhere to the policy of independence and self-reliance. Those cutting-edge key technologies and core technologies cannot be bought from abroad. We must base ourselves on the domestic market and concentrate our own technical strength to tackle key problems and carry out independent innovation. In short, it is wrong to refuse to introduce foreign advanced technology, or to blindly rely on the introduction, and we should pay attention to prevent it. This is a fundamental lesson we must keep in mind as we develop and innovate advanced technologies.

Talents are the key to technological progress and industrial development. We will never forget those who have worked hard and made various contributions to the development of my country's motor industry. Among them are technical experts, workers, and leading cadres, whether they are well-known or unknown, they have left touching stories of hard work and selfless dedication in the history of national construction. We must always remember their contributions and learn from their pioneering spirit and dedication. If my country's electrical machinery industry and other industries want to maintain a good momentum of development, strive to create a world-class level, and take the initiative in the fierce international competition, they must continue to respect knowledge and talents, constantly stimulate the pioneering spirit of the people, and constantly stimulate the spirit of innovation on all fronts. The broad masses of workers, technical experts, and leading cadres have a sense of urgency, a sense of responsibility, and a sense of mission to dedicate themselves to the cause of building the motherland.

Looking back on the development history of my country's motor industry, we are full of pride and pride. At the same time, we must be soberly aware that the task of my country's socialist modernization has not yet been completed, and the overall level of the industrial field, especially the basic research, is far behind the advanced international level. We must guard against arrogance and impetuosity, be modest and prudent, continue to catch up, and strive to create a new situation in the development of my country's electrical machinery industry and the entire industry on the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

The birth of the first generation of series motors in New China

Oralist: Sun Chunxuan (the deputy director of the electrical department at the time)

Ji Xingfa (the deputy director of the electrical department at the time)

Sun Chunxuan: As soon as Comrade Jiang Zemin arrived at our institute in 1962, he was appointed as the leader of the core leadership group of a major ministerial-level project. He was often busy with domestic motor factories, especially those in Beijing and Dalian, and organized and coordinated well. Nineteen factories and research units across the country worked together to tackle key problems for three years and successfully completed them. This major ministerial-level project is J2, JO2 small three-phase asynchronous motor series products - the basic series of motors designed and developed by China's new generation.

Everyone in the industry knows that small asynchronous motors are necessary power sources for various mechanical equipment, which require a huge amount and a wide variety of specifications. Since the 1930s, several factories imitated foreign products and produced and supplied many varieties

Specification. As Comrade Jiang Zemin said, "This period is a world exposition, and everyone gets what they need", which is very chaotic. After the founding of New China, in order to speed up the improvement of the production level of electric motors in our country, the drawings and processes of mature A and AO series small asynchronous motors produced in the Soviet Union at that time were introduced, as well as various technical specifications and requirements, etc., and were directly sent to the Ministry of Machinery. All motor factories are required to produce strictly according to the drawings, and the drawings are not allowed to be modified arbitrarily. In 1953, J and JO series small asynchronous motors imitating A and AO series were completed. This is the first generation of products in New China.

Later, after learning that the Soviet Union had completed the product development and production of the second-generation A2 and AO2 series of small-scale asynchronous motors, the department immediately formed a Chinese small and medium-sized motor design and process investigation group headed by the director of Shanghai Electric Machinery Factory Xiaoka to go to the Soviet Union. Inspect and bring back the technical data and drawings for sorting and translation, and organize the unified design of the second-generation J2 and JO2 series in my country. However, at the time of the "Great Leap Forward" in 1958, it emphasized breaking superstition and emancipating the mind. Although full of energy, it lacked a scientific attitude and did not pay attention to scientific laws. As a result, by the end of 1958, a complete set of drawings for the trial production of the J2 and JO2 series was completed and distributed to relevant motor factories for trial production. After the trial production, the performance is poor, and the temperature rise of some high-power motors is not enough. Therefore, in December 1961, in accordance with the instructions of the Ministry of Electrical Engineering Bureau, the core group and working group for the adjustment and design of the J2 and JO2 series were established, and it was clearly required that "the efficiency of the motor should not be lower than the original level."

At that time, for this project, the researchers in our laboratory worked with relevant departments in the institute to carry out the stray loss of the motor, the matching of heat dissipation ribs and slots, to ensure the concentricity of the stator and rotor, the E-class insulation structure, the structural size of the external fan, and the vibration and noise of the motor, etc. Research. Chairman Jiang still remembers that the noise laboratory was established during this period. These test results are used in product design, which greatly improves the technical level of J2 and JO2 series motors. After earnest, rigorous, pragmatic and tenacious unremitting efforts, the finalized J2 and JO2 series have not only reached the "motor efficiency not lower than the original level" required by the bureau in terms of key performance indicators, but also achieved Obvious improvement.

The unified design of the J2 and JO2 series refers to the design data of the Soviet A2 and AO2 series, but it is more of a summary of our past experience in design and production and many test and verification work. The self-design is carried out by concentrating the national technical force. It is a new generation of Chinese self-developed. series of motors. Looking back now, after the unified design of the J2 and JO2 series was completed in 1965, it was used until the reform and opening up, and then the updated Y series and Y2 series were launched on the basis of it.

The first reason why this project is important is that it is the first generation of basic motor series products designed and developed by the new China, which is of great significance to the national power saving and consumption reduction. Small asynchronous motors are products with a wide range of applications and a large amount of use. According to statistics, the electric energy consumed by such motors accounts for about 40% of the national power generation, which is not a small amount. Therefore, as long as the performance of the motor is improved a little, the overall energy-saving benefit is an astonishing figure. The second reason is that this unified design project is a huge "series family". The basic series has as many as ninety-six specifications, and each specification has seven performance indicators that must be qualified. The power range is from 0.6 kilowatts to 100 Kilowatt, on the basis of the basic series, more than a dozen special environmental conditions and special series for various purposes are derived, such as series of motor products for mining, marine, and tropical climates. At that time, four research institutes across the country, Fifteen manufacturing factories, the workload is heavy and the difficulty is great.

The biggest problem encountered at that time was that when implementing the national technology policy, each factory had a different understanding of the relationship between energy policy, motor efficiency, copper, silicon steel sheet materials, and reliability. In 1964, at the J2, JO2 small three-phase asynchronous motor series product appraisal meeting held by the Ministry of Machinery, there was a debate. The focus of the debate was whether to use the actual measurement method to determine the stray loss of the motor. According to the instructions of the Ministry of Machinery: "The efficiency level of this series of products should not be lower than that of the old series, and the efficiency is determined by actual measurement." The measured stray loss is the actual value of the efficiency of the motor. Using the actual measurement method can promote research and improve the level of motor manufacturing technology, and reduce stray losses, which is equivalent to improving actual efficiency and saving energy. This seems to be a dispute over testing methods, but it is actually a matter of principle in implementing the national energy policy. However, at the meeting, some units did not agree to use the actual measurement method on the grounds of technical difficulties and multi-use materials. This disagreement has arisen from the beginning of the design work, and there will inevitably be disputes to determine product standards at the appraisal meeting.

J2, JO2 small three-phase asynchronous motor series products passed the appraisal, and gradually promoted production throughout the country. In 1966, it won the first prize for new product design of the Ministry of Machinery. The new motor series has been greatly improved in terms of efficiency, material, life and weight, and has been produced in factories all over the country until the early 1990s. According to the national appraisal, compared with the old series of motors, the efficiency of J2 and JO2 small three-phase asynchronous motor series products is increased by 1.5%, copper is saved by 14%, silicon steel sheet is saved by 10%, the volume is reduced by 20%, and the weight is reduced by 15%. For the electricity saving item in the development of the national economy, it has made great contributions.

Nearly half a century has passed, and looking back now, three successes have been achieved through this project: first, New China has the first generation of complete series of motor products independently designed by itself; second, it has cultivated a group of talents, among which Many people have become the technical backbone of the motor industry; third, we have obtained a number of results through independent research on many technical difficulties, which have important guiding significance for our subsequent product design, development and research, and will be effective for a long time.